Pressure sensor with two membranes forming a capacitor

ABSTRACT

A pressure sensor may include a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure, a reference cavity covered by the first membrane where the reference cavity contains a vacuum and a second membrane, adjacent to the first membrane, the first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of the first membrane and the pressure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of pressure sensors and the field of fabricating pressure sensors. The present invention also relates to the field of integrating pressure sensors with other devices and systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Conventional pressure sensors are used in wide variety of applications to monitor or control pressure in devices or systems where maintaining a particular pressure is important. However, conventional pressure sensors are relatively large.

[0003] Consequently, conventional pressure sensors are not easily integrated with other devices. The conventional pressure sensor has a minimum footprint that makes such sensors difficult to incorporate in, for example, microelectronic devices. Moreover, conventional pressure sensors are difficult to integrate with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), i.e., mechanical structures including moving parts with microelectronics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] According to one embodiment of the present invention, a pressure sensor may include a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure, a reference cavity covered by the first membrane where the reference cavity contains a vacuum and a second membrane, adjacent to the first membrane and not within the reference cavity, the first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of the first membrane and the pressure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] The accompanying drawings illustrate embodiments of the present invention and are a part of the specification. Together with the following description, the drawings demonstrate and explain the principles of the present invention. The illustrated embodiments are examples of the present invention and do not limit the scope of the invention.

[0006]FIG. 1a is a cross-sectional view of a pressure sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0007]FIG. 1b is a top-down view of the pressure sensor shown in FIG. 1a.

[0008]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of the present invention in which the pressure sensor of FIG. 1 is used in a pressure control circuit.

[0009]FIG. 3 is an illustration of another embodiment of the present invention in which the pressure sensor of FIG. 1 is integrated with a MEMS device.

[0010]FIG. 4 is an illustration of another embodiment of the present invention in which the pressure sensor of FIG. 1 is integrated with an Atomic Resolution Storage (ARS) device.

[0011]FIGS. 5a-8 b illustrate the pressure sensor integrated with an ARS device, as shown in FIG. 4, at various stages in a manufacturing process.

[0012]FIGS. 9a & 9 b illustrate further embodiments of the present invention in which a membrane of the pressure sensor has a convex or concave shape.

[0013] Throughout the drawings, identical reference numbers designate similar, though not necessarily identical, elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] In one embodiment, the present invention may be a pressure sensor having a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure, a reference cavity covered by the first membrane, the reference cavity containing a vacuum and a second membrane adjacent to the first membrane, the first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of the first membrane and the pressure.

[0015] In another embodiment, the present invention may be a pressure system having a pressure regulator for regulating pressure in a pressurized environment, and a pressure sensor disposed in or in communication with the pressurized environment so as to output an indication of the pressure in the pressurized environment, where the pressure regulator is configured to operate in response to the output from the pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is that described above according to principles of the present invention having a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure, a reference cavity covered by the first membrane, the reference cavity containing a vacuum and a second membrane adjacent to the first membrane, the first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of the first membrane and the pressure.

[0016] In another embodiment, the present invention may be a pressure sensor integrated with a microelectromechanical system (MEMS). This integrated device preferably includes a silicon substrate, a MEMS formed on or in the substrate, and a pressure sensor formed in the substrate. The pressure sensor is that described above according to principles of the present invention having a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure, a reference cavity covered by the first membrane, the reference cavity containing a vacuum and a second membrane adjacent to the first membrane, the first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of the first membrane and the pressure.

[0017] In another embodiment, the present invention may be a pressure sensor integrated with an atomic resolution storage (ARS) device. This integrated device preferably includes a first substrate, an ARS device formed in the first substrate, and a pressure sensor formed in the first substrate. The pressure sensor is that described above according to principles of the present invention having a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure, a reference cavity covered by the first membrane, the reference cavity containing a vacuum and a second membrane adjacent to the first membrane, the first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of the first membrane and the pressure.

[0018] The present invention also encompasses a method of fabricating a pressure sensor by etching a silicon substrate to form a reference cavity, a first membrane and a second membrane. More specifically, a method according to principles of the present invention may be a method of fabricating a pressure sensor by bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, the second substrate comprising electrical connections, etching the first substrate to form a first membrane, a second membrane adjacent and spaced from the first membrane and a reference cavity bounded by the first membrane, wherein the first and second membranes are placed in electrical connection with the connections on the second substrate and bonding a third substrate to the first substrate to seal a vacuum in the reference cavity.

[0019] Finally, in another embodiment, the present invention may be a method of integrally fabricating a pressure sensor and an atomic resolution storage (ARS) device by bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, the second substrate having electrical connections, etching the first substrate to form a first membrane, a second membrane adjacent and spaced from the first membrane, a reference cavity bounded by the first membrane, and a flexture of the ARS device, wherein the first and second membranes are placed in electrical connection with the connections on the second substrate, and bonding a third substrate to the first substrate to seal a vacuum in the reference cavity and the ARS device, and providing an emitter cavity for the ARS device.

[0020] The present invention provides, among other things, an improved pressure sensor that is more easily integrated into microscopic and microelectronic devices. FIG. 1a is a cross-sectional view of a pressure sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0021] As shown in FIG. 1a, a pressure sensor (100), according to principles of the present invention, includes a thin silicon membrane (101). The thickness of the membrane (101) is such that the membrane (101) is responsive to, and will flex in proportion with, a pressure (110) applied to the sensor (100). Behind the thin membrane (101) is a reference cavity (103). The sealed reference cavity (103) contains a vacuum.

[0022] A second silicon membrane (102), which is preferably thicker and less flexible that the thin membrane (101), is formed adjacent to the thin membrane (101) outside the reference cavity (103). The two membranes (101, 102) and the walls defining the reference cavity (103) are supported between and upper substrate (104) and a lower substrate (105). A bonding layer (106) secures the membranes (101, 102) between the upper (104) and lower (105) substrates.

[0023]FIG. 1b provides a top view of the pressure sensor (100). As shown in FIG. 1b, the thin membrane (101) is secured along its lateral sides with a polysilicon anchor (109). The polysilicon anchor (109) secures each lateral side of the thin membrane (101) to the walls that define the reference cavity (103).

[0024] Returning to FIG. 1a, a dielectric layer (108) is disposed between the boding layer (106) and the upper (104) and lower (105) substrates. Beneath the dielectric layer, either of the substrates may be patterned with electric interconnections (107). In the embodiment of FIG. 1a, the connections (107) are provided on the lower substrate (105). The connections (107) as shown in FIG. 1a, penetrate the dielectric (108) and bonding (106) layers to make contact with each of the two membranes (101, 102).

[0025] Together, the thin membrane (101) and the second membrane (102) form a capacitor with a specific capacitance that can be measured through, for example, the electrical connections (107). As various amounts of pressure (110) are applied to the sensor (100), the thin membrane (101) will flex in proportion to the amount of pressure applied.

[0026] As the thin membrane (101) flexes, the space between the thin membrane (101) and the second membrane (102) will vary. The variation in the space between the thin membrane (101) and the second membrane (102) will correspond to the amount of pressure (110) applied to the sensor (100). The variation in the space between the thin membrane (101) and the second membrane (102) will also vary the capacitance of the capacitor formed by the two membranes (101, 102). This variance in capacitance is given by the following formula: ${\Delta \quad C} = {C_{0} - {\int_{x}^{\quad}{\int_{y}^{\quad}{\frac{ɛ}{d_{o} - {d\left( {X,Y} \right)}}{x}{y}}}}}$

[0027] The change in capacitance AC will be directly related to the amount of pressure (101) applied to the sensor (100). Consequently, an indication of the pressure (110) applied can be output by the circuit, including connections (107), that monitors the capacitance between the thin membrane (101) and the second membrane (102). A numeric reading of the pressure can be calculated from the change in capacitance if desired.

[0028] Alternatively, the thin membrane (101) will have a piezo-resistivity that will vary with the deflection of the membrane (101) under pressure. Consequently, an indication of the pressure applied to the membrane can also be obtained by measuring the piezo-resistivity of the membrane (101). From this piezo-resistivity measurement, the pressure applied can be calculated.

[0029]FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of the present invention in which the pressure sensor of FIG. 1 is used in a pressure control circuit. As shown in FIG. 2, a pressurized environment (122) is created in which it is important to maintain a particular pressure or to maintain the pressure within a specified range.

[0030] A pressure regulator (120) is provided for altering the pressure in the pressurized environment (122). The pressure regulator (120) can be any device or means that alters the pressure in the environment (122). For example, the pressure regulator (120) may be a vacuum pump, a compressor, a getter, etc.

[0031] A pressure sensor (100), according to principles of the present invention, is preferably disposed within or in communication with the pressurized environment (122). Consequently, the pressure sensor (100) will output an indication (123) of the pressure applied thereto, i.e., the pressure in the pressurized environment (122).

[0032] This output (123), as shown in FIG. 2, is preferably provided to the pressure regulator (120). The pressure regulator (120) responds to the input from the pressure sensor (100). For example, if the pressure sensor (100) indicates that the pressure in the pressurized environment is at an optimal level or within an optimal range, the pressure regulator (120) will deactivate or take no action.

[0033] However, if the pressure sensor (100) indicates that the pressure in the environment (122) is above or below an optimal level or range, the pressure regulator (120) will respond appropriately to return the pressure in the environment (122) to the optimal level or to within the optimal range. When a desired pressure is restored within the environment (122), the pressure sensor (100) will so signal to the pressure regulator (120). The regulator (120) then again deactivates or takes no further action, allowing the pressure to remain at the desired level or within the desired range.

[0034]FIG. 3 is an illustration of another embodiment of the present invention in which the pressure sensor of FIG. 1 is integrated with a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS). A MEMS is a system that combines mechanical structures (moving parts) with microelectronics. Frequently, a MEMS (130) is formed on a semiconductor wafer or die (131).

[0035] As shown in FIG. 3, a MEMS (130), or a number of MEMS (130) formed on a single die (131), may required an input, such as air, a gas or liquid, that is under pressure. Consequently, FIG. 3 illustrates a MEMS (130) that uses five different pressurized inputs (132 a-132 e).

[0036] As will be readily appreciated, it may be necessary to monitor the pressure of each of these inputs (132 a-132 e). A minimum pressure may be required for proper operation of the MEMS (130). Alternatively, too high a pressure may damage the MEMS (130).

[0037] Consequently, as shown in FIG. 3, a pressure sensor (100 a-100 e), according to principles of the present invention, may be used at each of the pressurized inputs (132 a-132 e) to monitor the pressure of the input. The output from the pressure sensors (100) can then be used by pressure regulators to control the pressure of the pressurized inputs (132 a-132 e).

[0038]FIG. 4 is an illustration of another embodiment of the present invention in which the pressure sensor of FIG. 1 is integrated with an Atomic Resolution Storage (ARS) device. ARS is an emerging technology that aims to provide a thumbnail-sized data storage device with storage densities, for example, greater than one terabit (i.e., 1,000 gigabits) per square inch. The technology builds on advances in atomic probe microscopy, in which a probe tip as small as a single atom scans the surface of a material on which data is stored to produce images accurate to within a few nanometers. Probe storage technology employs an array of atom-sized probe tips to read and write data to spots on the storage medium. A micro-mover positions the storage medium relative to the probe tips.

[0039] For optimal operation, an ARS device is generally maintained in a vacuum or, at least, a controlled atmosphere to reduce the possibility of electrons scattering from the read-write beam and to reduce the flow of heat between data spots. Consequently, under principles of the present invention, it is advantageous to integrate an ARS device with a pressure sensor so that the pressure of the vacuum or controlled atmosphere in which the ARS device operates can be monitored on an on-going basis. Such an integrated device is illustrated in FIG. 4.

[0040] As shown in FIG. 4, an ARS device and a pressure sensor can be formed in an integrated device. In FIG. 4, the ARS device is on the left of the drawing, while the pressure sensor structure, familiar from previous figures, is on the right of the drawing.

[0041] The ARS device includes a silicon flexture (141) that is formed in a silicon substrate known as the rotor wafer (143). The pressure sensor (100) is also formed in the rotor wafer (143), including the thin membrane (101), the second membrane (102) and the reference cavity (103).

[0042] The rotor wafer (143) is sandwiched between upper and lower substrates known as the stator wafer (144) and the emitter wafer (142). The ARS device includes an emitter cavity (145) that exposes the rotor wafer (143) to the emitter wafer (142).

[0043]FIGS. 5a-8 b illustrate the process for manufacturing the integrated pressure sensor and ARS device illustrated in FIG. 4. In FIGS. 5a-8 b, the integrated device is shown at various stages of production. The following text will explain these steps and the overall manufacturing process.

[0044]FIG. 5a illustrates the first step in the manufacturing process. As shown in FIG. 5a, the process begins with a silicon substrate (150). This substrate (150) will eventually become the rotor substrate (143) illustrated in FIG. 4. Preferably, the substrate is an N⁺ substrate. FIG. 5a illustrates a cross-section of the substrate (150).

[0045] Two holes (151) are etched through the substrate (150). Preferably, Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) is used to etch the holes (151). A cross-section of one of the holes (151) is illustrated in FIG. 5a. FIG. 5c is a top view of the substrate and can be referenced to locate the preferred relative positioning of the holes (151) illustrated in FIG. 5a. The two holes are near opposite edges of the substrate (150).

[0046]FIG. 5b is, again, a cross-section of the substrate (150). As shown in FIG. 5b, the holes (151) etched in FIG. 5a are backfilled with polysilicon (152). FIG. 5c shows a top view of the substrate (150) in which the two holes (151) are filled with polysilicon (152). This polysilicon (152) will be used to form the polysilicon anchors shown in FIG. 1b.

[0047] As shown in FIG. 6a, the silicon substrate (150, 143), in which the holes (151) have been etched and filled with polysilicon (152), is bonded to a bottom substrate (144). This bottom substrate (144) will become the stator substrate (144) shown in FIG. 4. Before the bottom substrate (144) is bonded to the rotor substrate (150, 143), the electrical interconnections (107) are patterned on the substrate (144). A dielectric layer (108) may then be deposited over the substrate (144). The connections (107) penetrate the dielectric layer (108) to contact the silicon substrate (150, 143) at points where the thin membrane and the second membrane of the pressure sensor will be formed.

[0048] Bonding layer (106) is applied. The rotor substrate (150, 143) and the stator substrate (144) are then bonded together as shown in FIG. 6a.

[0049] As shown in FIG. 6b, the bonded substrates are then polished and thinned. The rotor substrate (150, 143) is preferably ground to a thickness of approximately 100 μm.

[0050] As shown in FIG. 7a, the silicon flexture (141) of the ARS device (170) and the reference cavity (103) of the pressure sensor are next cut into the substrate (150, 143). Again, DRIE is preferably used to cut these structures into the substrate (150, 143). FIG. 7a is a cross-sectional view of the device at this stage of production. Further etching is performed to define the thin silicon membrane (101) and the second membrane (102) of the pressure sensor (100).

[0051]FIG. 7b is a top-down view of the device at this stage of production. From the view in FIG. 7b, it is easier to observe the structure of the pressure sensor (100), including the thin membrane (101), the second membrane (102) and the reference cavity (103). FIG. 7b also give another view of the silicon flexture (141) of the ARS device (170).

[0052] As shown in FIG. 8a, the top or emitter substrate (142) is now bonded to the structure. This bonding process is preferably conducted in a vacuum so as to seal a vacuum in the reference cavity (103) of the pressure sensor (100).

[0053] Passageways (180) are defined to provide communication between the ARS (170) and the thin membrane (101) of the pressure sensor (100). These passageways (180) may be between the upper (142) and lower substrate (144) and the rotor substrate (150, 143) and around the sides of the second membrane (102). Consequently, the pressure sensor (100) can monitor the pressure, i.e., the vacuum, that should be maintained in the ARS device (170) for optimal operation of the ARS device (170). FIG. 8b provides a top view of the completed device illustrated in FIG. 8a.

[0054] This is just one example of a possible process that can be used to fabricate a vertical pressure sensor of according to principles of the present invention. Other processes will be apparent to those skilled the in art with the benefit of this disclosure. Such fabrication processes may or may not include integrating the pressure sensor with an ARS, MEMS or other device. The bottom line is that the vertical pressure sensor of the present invention can be integrated into many different MEMS, ARS or other designs much better than existing pressure sensors due to its small size requirements and the fact that it can be constructed in a silicon substrate from or on which many other types of devices can also be constructed.

[0055]FIGS. 9a and 9 b illustrate further possible embodiments of the present invention in which one of the membranes of the pressure sensor is formed with a curvature so as to be concave or convex. In FIG. 9a, the thin membrane (101 a) is curved with respect to the second membrane (102) and curves toward the second membrane (102). In FIG. 9b, the thin membrane (101 b) is again curved with respect to the second membrane (102), but is curved away from the second membrane (102).

[0056] One significant advantage to the present invention is that due to the manner in which the membranes (101, 102) are formed, they can be formed with a curvature so as to be concave or convex with respect to the other membrane. As described above, the membranes (101, 102) may preferably be formed by etching a silicon or other substrate. Consequently, the etching can be conducted so as to impart a curvature to one or the other of the two membranes (101, 102).

[0057] When one of the membranes (101, 102) has a convex or concave shape, the pressure sensor (100) may be sensitive to a broader range of pressures. Additionally, when one of the membranes (101, 102) has a convex or concave shape, the pressure sensor (100) may be more sensitive, i.e., register smaller changes in pressure than would otherwise be detectable.

[0058] The preceding description has been presented only to illustrate and describe the invention. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.

[0059] The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application. The preceding description is intended to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pressure sensor comprising: a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure; a reference cavity covered by said first membrane, said reference cavity containing a vacuum; and a second membrane adjacent to said first membrane and not within said reference cavity, said first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of said first membrane and said pressure.
 2. The pressure sensor of claim 1, wherein said first and second membranes are made of silicon.
 3. The pressure sensor of claim 1, further comprising: an upper substrate; and a lower substrate; wherein said first and second membranes are supported between and bonded to said upper and lower substrates.
 4. The pressure sensor of claim 3, further comprising electrical connections patterned on one of said substrates and in electrical connection with said first and second membranes for measuring said capacitance.
 5. The pressure sensor of claim 1, wherein said first and second membranes are formed in a silicon substrate.
 6. The pressure sensor of claim 5, further comprising a polysilicon anchor on both edges of said first membrane securing said first membrane in said silicon substrate.
 7. The pressure sensor of claim 1, wherein said first or second membrane has a curvature.
 8. A pressure system comprising: a pressure regulator for regulating pressure in a pressurized environment; and a pressure sensor disposed in or in communication with said pressurized environment so as to output an indication of said pressure in said pressurized environment, wherein said pressure regulator is configured to operate in response to said output from said pressure sensor; wherein said pressure sensor comprises a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure, a reference cavity covered by said first membrane, said reference cavity containing a vacuum, and a second membrane adjacent to said first membrane and not in said reference cavity, said first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of said first membrane and said pressure.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said first and second membranes are made of silicon.
 10. The system of claim 8, wherein said pressure sensor further comprises: an upper substrate; and a lower substrate; wherein said first and second membranes are supported between and bonded to said upper and lower substrates.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein said pressure sensor further comprises electrical connections patterned on one of said substrates and in electrical connection with said first and second membranes for measuring said capacitance.
 12. The system of claim 8, wherein said first and second silicon membranes are formed in a silicon substrate.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein said pressure sensor further comprises a polysilicon anchor on both edges of said first membrane securing said first membrane in said silicon substrate.
 14. The system of claim 8, wherein said pressure regulator comprises a vacuum pump.
 15. The system of claim 8, wherein said pressure regulator comprises a compressor.
 16. The system of claim 8, wherein said pressure regulator comprises a getter.
 17. The pressure sensor of claim 8, wherein said first or second membrane has a curvature.
 18. A pressure sensor integrated with a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) comprising: a silicon substrate; a MEMS formed on or in said substrate; and a pressure sensor formed in said substrate, said pressure sensor comprising a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure; a reference cavity covered by said first membrane, said reference cavity containing a vacuum; and a second membrane adjacent to said first membrane and not in said reference cavity, said first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of said first membrane and said pressure.
 19. The integrated pressure sensor and MEMS of claim 18, wherein said first and second membranes are made of silicon.
 20. The integrated pressure sensor and MEMS of claim 18, further comprising a polysilicon anchor on both edges of said first membrane securing said first membrane in said silicon substrate.
 21. The pressure sensor of claim 18, wherein said first or second membrane has a curvature.
 22. A pressure sensor integrated with an atomic resolution storage (ARS) device comprising: a first substrate; an ARS device formed partially in said first substrate; and a pressure sensor formed in said first substrate, said pressure sensor comprising a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure; a reference cavity covered by said first membrane, said reference cavity containing a vacuum; and a second membrane adjacent to said first membrane and not in said reference cavity, said first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of said first membrane and said pressure; wherein said pressure sensor monitors a vacuum in which said ARS device is contained.
 23. The integrated pressure sensor and ARS device of claim 22, wherein said first substrate is made of silicon and said first and second membranes are made of silicon.
 24. The integrated pressure sensor and ARS device of claim 22, further comprising: an upper substrate; and a lower substrate; wherein said first substrate is bonded between said upper and lower substrates.
 25. The integrated pressure sensor and ARS device of claim 24, further comprising electrical connections patterned on at least one of said upper and lower substrates and in electrical connection with said first and second membranes for measuring said capacitance.
 26. The integrated pressure sensor and ARS device of claim 22, further comprising a polysilicon anchor on both edges of said first membrane securing said first membrane in said first substrate.
 27. The pressure sensor of claim 22, wherein said first or second membrane has a curvature.
 28. A method of fabricating a pressure sensor comprising etching a silicon substrate to form a reference cavity, a first membrane and a second membrane.
 29. The method sensor of claim 28, wherein said etching further comprises forming said first or second membrane with a curvature.
 30. A method of fabricating a pressure sensor comprising: bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, said second substrate comprising electrical connections; etching said first substrate to form a first membrane, a second membrane adjacent and spaced from said first membrane and a reference cavity bounded by said first membrane, wherein said first and second membranes are placed in electrical connection with said connections on said second substrate; and bonding a third substrate to said first substrate to seal a vacuum in said reference cavity.
 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising: etching holes through said first substrate; and filling said holes with an anchor material, wherein said first membrane is anchored in said first substrate by said anchor material.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said filling said holes with anchor material comprises filling said holes with polysilicon.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein said substrates are formed of silicon.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein said etching further comprises forming said first or second membrane with a curvature.
 35. A method of integrally fabricating a pressure sensor and an atomic resolution storage (ARS) device, said method comprising: bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, said second substrate comprising electrical connections; etching said first substrate to form a first membrane, a second membrane adjacent and spaced from said first membrane, a reference cavity bounded by said first membrane, and a flexture of said ARS device, wherein said first and second membranes are placed in electrical connection with said connections on said second substrate; and bonding a third substrate to said first substrate to seal a vacuum in said reference cavity and said ARS device, and providing a vacuum cavity for said ARS device.
 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising: etching holes through said first substrate; and filling said holes with an anchor material, wherein said first membrane is anchored in said first substrate by said anchor material.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein said filling said holes with anchor material comprises filling said holes with polysilicon.
 38. The method of claim 35, wherein said substrates are formed of silicon.
 39. The method of claim 35, wherein said bonding said third substrate further comprises forming passageways between said first membrane and said ARS device so that said vacuum of said ARS device can be monitored with said pressure sensor that comprises said first membrane.
 40. The method of claim 35, wherein said etching further comprises forming said first or second membrane with a curvature.
 41. A pressure sensor comprising: a membrane integrally formed in a substrate by etching said substrate, wherein said first membrane flexes in response to pressure; a reference cavity covered by said first membrane, said reference cavity containing a vacuum; and an electrical connection to said first membrane for measuring a piezo-resistivity of said membrane, said piezo-resistivity varying in accordance with the flexing of said first membrane and said pressure.
 42. The pressure sensor of claim 41, wherein said membrane and said substrate are made of silicon.
 43. The pressure sensor of claim 41, further comprising: an upper substrate; and a lower substrate; wherein said substrate from which said membrane is formed is supported between and bonded to said upper and lower substrates.
 44. The pressure sensor of claim 43, wherein said electrical connection is patterned on either said upper or lower substrate.
 45. The pressure sensor of claim 41, wherein said first membrane has a curvature.
 46. A pressure sensor comprising: a first means for flexing in response to pressure; a reference cavity covered by said first means, said reference cavity containing a vacuum; a second means for forming a capacitor with said first means, said capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of said first means and said pressure; and means for measuring said capacitance; wherein said second means is adjacent to said first means and not within said reference cavity.
 47. The pressure sensor of claim 46, wherein said first and second means each comprise a membrane made of silicon.
 48. The pressure sensor of claim 46, wherein said means for measuring said capacitance comprise electrical connections patterned on a substrate supporting said first and second means.
 49. The pressure sensor of claim 46, wherein either said first or second means has a curvature.
 50. A pressure sensor comprising: a first means for deforming in response to pressure; a reference cavity covered by said first means, said reference cavity containing a vacuum; and means for measuring a piezo-resistivity of said first means, said piezo-resistivity varying in accordance with the deformation of said first means and said pressure.
 51. The pressure sensor of claim 50, wherein said first means comprise a membrane made of silicon.
 52. The pressure sensor of claim 50, wherein said first means has a curvature.
 53. A pressure sensor comprising: a first membrane that flexes in response to pressure; a reference cavity covered by said first membrane, said reference cavity containing a vacuum; and a second membrane adjacent to said first membrane, said first and second membranes forming a capacitor having a capacitance that varies in accordance with the flexing of said first membrane and said pressure; wherein one of said membranes is curved with respect to the other said membrane.
 54. The pressure sensor of claim 53, wherein said first and second membranes are made of silicon.
 55. A method of fabricating a pressure sensor comprising: etching a silicon substrate to form a reference cavity; and etching said silicon substrate to form a first membrane having a curvature.
 56. The method of claim 55, further comprising: etching said silicon substrate to form a second membrane; forming a capacitor of said first and second membranes. 